Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients With Elevated Aldosterone-to-Renin Ratio but Negative Confirmatory Test: The Progression of Primary Aldosteronism Phenotypes

Fabrizio Buffolo, Alessio Pecori, Martin Reincke, Merve Outland, Franco Veglio, Paul Schwarzlmüller, Martin Bidlingmaier, Sonja Kunz, Christopher Stremmel, Giulio Mengozzi, Gabriella Priolo, Paolo Mulatero, Christian Adolf, Silvia Monticone

BACKGROUND

About 10% of patients with arterial hypertension have a positive screening test for primary aldosteronism (PA) and 50% to 70% of them have a negative confirmatory test: the appropriate follow-up of these patients is currently unknown. We investigated the incidence of PA in patients with previous negative confirmatory testing, after at least a 2-year follow-up.

METHODS

One hundred eighty-four patients with a previously elevated aldosterone-to-renin ratio followed by a negative confirmatory test were recruited in 2 hypertension centers (Torino and Munich). We repeated the screening test for PA and, if positive, the confirmatory test (seated saline infusion test or captopril challenge test). Primary end point of the study was the incidence of newly diagnosed overt PA, as defined by a positive confirmatory test.

RESULTS

After a mean follow-up of 5 years, 20% of patients developed overt PA. When subtype diagnosis was offered systematically, one-third of patients displayed unilateral PA. Patients who developed PA showed worsening of blood pressure control and a higher rate of cardiac organ damage, despite similar implementation of antihypertensive therapy, compared with patients without PA. A mild progression of autonomous aldosterone secretion was evident even in patients without confirmed PA but with relatively stable control of blood pressure levels over time.

CONCLUSIONS

About one-fifth of patients with a negative confirmatory test develop overt PA over time. A clinical follow-up of patients with a negative confirmatory test is advisable, along with the repetition of PA investigation, primarily in patients with worsening of blood pressure control.

KEYWORDS

adenoma; aldosterone; blood pressure; hypertension; renin.